Calabrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ss

Calabrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. laricio Poiret var.
Calabrica Delamare) is a species that requires full light from
above but tolerates lateral density (De Philippis, 1985; Boudru,
1989b; Bernetti, 1995; Gellini and Grossoni, 1997). More
thermophile and less resistant to frost damage than Austrian
pine (Pinus nigra Arn. var. austriaca (Ho¨ss) Novack),
Calabrian pine has a natural range extending from Sicily to
Calabria. In Sicily it grows in fragmented areas on the slopes of
Mount Etna between 1000 and 2000 m above sea level,
covering a total of approximately 4000 ha. In Calabria this pine
covers approximately 57,000 ha (MAF-ISAFA, 1988). It grows
on the Aspromonte mountain range at the southern tip of the
region, and on the Sila Plateau where it characterizes the
landscape from 900 m up to 1600 m above sea level. Calabrian
pine, often mixed with Austrian pine, has also been employed
in other Italian regions for the reafforestation of degraded lands.
Because of its rapid growth and high productivity it has been
used – along with the Corsican variety (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp.
laricio Poiret var. Corsicana) – as an introduced afforestation
species in European countries with Atlantic climates (Parde´ and
Turpin, 1959) and even as far from its original habitat as New
Zealand and South Africa.
The structure of Calabrian pine stands on the Sila Plateau is
the result of the management history, which depends on land
ownership, as well as the economic and social changes that
have taken place in the area. Strip and patch clear cutting,
considered the most appropriate silvicultural methods for a
light demanding species, have been usually applied in public
properties producing even-aged stands over vast areas
(Anzillotti, 1950; Meschini and Longhi, 1955). Recently, in
State owned forests that are now part of the Sila National Park,
management has been limited to felling only dead or dying
trees. This extremely conservative type of management is often
the cause of widespread and vigorous natural regeneration of
beech under the older pine stands. Here, in a relatively short
time, Calabrian pine stands will be replaced by beech stands
with consequent changes in the forest landscape (Iovino and
Menguzzato, 1999).

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

Arn卡拉布里亚的松（nigra青松laricio Poiret . ssp . var .这是一种Calabrica Delamare）从requires光了但在Philippis外侧密度和容忍，Boudru，1985；1989b；Bernetti，1995 Grossoni；Gellini和更多，1997）。对新型thermophile和较少比奥地利damage霜nigra松木（松Arn . var . austriaca（Ho），SS）、Novack有一个自然extending青松卡拉布里亚到范围从西西里岛它在西西里岛grows卡拉布里亚地区的分散在山坡上1000埃特纳山和海之间，在2000 m水平。一个总的approximately覆盖在这青松卡拉布里亚4000 ha .57,000 ha（approximately罩，是MAF-ISAFA grows 1988）。在阿斯普罗蒙特在南部山区范围的提示。在Sila高原区，和在它的特点。从景观，世俗900 m m水平高达1600卡拉布里亚在海。混合often青松，也已经与奥地利，已经从青松但是，在意大利的degraded lands - reafforestation）。因为它的高的快速生长和生产力，这已被使用时，在与各种nigra Arn科西嘉（Pinus . ssp .laricio Poiret var .——作为一个引进afforestation科西卡纳）在大西洋的欧洲国家的气候和物种的Parde和（特平，甚至远1959）和从其原始habitat As As New新西兰和南非。青松站（卡拉布里亚）结构是在Sila高原的结果，这取决于管理的土地上的历史作为一个ownership为好，是经济和社会变化在地方，有taken清晰区带，切割，和补丁。该方法考虑的最appropriate silvicultural for a它已被应用demanding物种，通常在公共？在even-aged站生产区vast properties（Anzillotti，1950；Meschini和Longhi，Recently，在1955）。这一部分是国有forests（现在的国家公园，Sila管理已被采伐或只有有限的dying死树型。这是保守的管理often extremely因为天然的和再生的widespread vigorous of花生beech青松下看台。在这里，在一个短的relatively时间，会replaced卡拉布里亚的beech青松站站在森林景观，世俗的变化和由此产生的Iovino和（Menguzzato，1999）。