demonstrated that OMVs derived from intestinal
E. coli induced human endothelial cells to express
functional cell adhesion molecules in vitro, and up-regulate
vascular inflammation in vivo that is characterized by
increased ICAM-1 expression in lung endothelial cells and
neutrophil infiltration into the lung. The reduced neutrophil
infiltration into the lung in ICAM-1−/− mice suggests that
ICAM-1 regulates the OMVs-induced neutrophil infiltration
into the lungs. Also, OMVs were more potent in inducing
both ICAM-1 expression as well as leukocyte adhesion
in vitro than free LPS