In the 1990s, the ICC (International Colour Consortium – founded by Apple, Adobe, and other digital companies – devised an industry standard for swapping colour definitions accurately between digital devices. The particular way a device chooses to define colours, within the range of colours it can actually handle, is known as its ‘colour space’. To be ICC-compatible, each device must come with a ‘colour profile’ that relates its colour space to a CIE colour space. Armed with a CMS (colour management system) and a profile for each device involved in production (including software programs), a computer can ensure colour images are transferred accurately from one device to the next, all the way from taking a digital photo, for example, to seeing it printed on a magazine page.