There is a danger that such descriptions may be taken as prescriptions. They might either be taken as a model of good, clear teaching, confusing what is a norm with what ought to be a norm. Or they might be taken as a warning of what should be avoided as restrictive teaching practice. However, the question of whether such exchanges are pedagogically good or bad is a separate question from their analysis. Presumably they are good for some purposes (e.g. checking factual knowledge), but hopelessly restircted for others (e.g. discussing literature). What such analyses can do is to provide a firmer basis for such interpretation and value judgments, by providing a precise way of talking about recurrent patterns in classroom discourse. This is analogous to the role of linguistic description in stylistics. Linguistics can provide more evidence and a firmer basis for a literary interpretation, but the analysis is not an interpretation.
- The fact that people make this kind of interpretative leap is itself inter- esting, however, and suggests another educational use of discourse analysis. It is almost impossible to avoid such value considerations in doing such analyses. Ideological questions are thus opened up by any critical analysis of institutional discourse, whether between teachers and students, magistrates and defendants, doctors and patients, and in general between professionals and their clients. In such areas, discourse analysis can provide ways of studying the language of social power and control, prestige, status and deference, manipulation and misunderstanding, and can provide evidence for discussion of the moral, ethical, social and political questions which arise. This is a modem study of rhetoric.
- Related work which manages a skillful integration of descriptive theory, methodology and practical educational concerns is by Willes (1978, 1981, 1983). (Willes, 1978, is part of the set reading for the Open University course.) She has studied the teacher-pupil interaction in reception classes in British infant schools. Her descriptions are based on Sinclair and Coulthard (1975), but the descriptive system is not mechanically applied. It is put to practical exploratory use in an innovative and imaginative way. She uses Sinclair and Coulthard's description of classroom discourse as a theoretical statement about communicative competence in classrooms. She argues that not all classroom discourse fits the IRF pattern which they have identified (a descriptive point); and she investigates the different rates at which pupils learn to conform to this pattern (findings based on the description). But she also discusses the social and educational value of the IRF pattern, and argues that teachers should try to depart from it (a pedagogical point). She also uses the descriptive framework to develop other research methods. For example, some children seldom speak in the classroom, and their com- municative competence cannot therefore be directly observed. Willes devised a discourse doze procedure to test their competence: a story about classrooms with blanks in the teacher-pupil dialogue for the children to fill in. Such an integration of theory, methods and practice is rare, but provides a model study in applied discourse analysis
There is a danger that such descriptions may be taken as prescriptions. They might either be taken as a model of good, clear teaching, confusing what is a norm with what ought to be a norm. Or they might be taken as a warning of what should be avoided as restrictive teaching practice. However, the question of whether such exchanges are pedagogically good or bad is a separate question from their analysis. Presumably they are good for some purposes (e.g. checking factual knowledge), but hopelessly restircted for others (e.g. discussing literature). What such analyses can do is to provide a firmer basis for such interpretation and value judgments, by providing a precise way of talking about recurrent patterns in classroom discourse. This is analogous to the role of linguistic description in stylistics. Linguistics can provide more evidence and a firmer basis for a literary interpretation, but the analysis is not an interpretation. - The fact that people make this kind of interpretative leap is itself inter- esting, however, and suggests another educational use of discourse analysis. It is almost impossible to avoid such value considerations in doing such analyses. Ideological questions are thus opened up by any critical analysis of institutional discourse, whether between teachers and students, magistrates and defendants, doctors and patients, and in general between professionals and their clients. In such areas, discourse analysis can provide ways of studying the language of social power and control, prestige, status and deference, manipulation and misunderstanding, and can provide evidence for discussion of the moral, ethical, social and political questions which arise. This is a modem study of rhetoric. - Related work which manages a skillful integration of descriptive theory, methodology and practical educational concerns is by Willes (1978, 1981, 1983). (Willes, 1978, is part of the set reading for the Open University course.) She has studied the teacher-pupil interaction in reception classes in British infant schools. Her descriptions are based on Sinclair and Coulthard (1975), but the descriptive system is not mechanically applied. It is put to practical exploratory use in an innovative and imaginative way. She uses Sinclair and Coulthard's description of classroom discourse as a theoretical statement about communicative competence in classrooms. She argues that not all classroom discourse fits the IRF pattern which they have identified (a descriptive point); and she investigates the different rates at which pupils learn to conform to this pattern (findings based on the description). But she also discusses the social and educational value of the IRF pattern, and argues that teachers should try to depart from it (a pedagogical point). She also uses the descriptive framework to develop other research methods. For example, some children seldom speak in the classroom, and their com- municative competence cannot therefore be directly observed. Willes devised a discourse doze procedure to test their competence: a story about classrooms with blanks in the teacher-pupil dialogue for the children to fill in. Such an integration of theory, methods and practice is rare, but provides a model study in applied discourse analysis
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