Proposition 1. MNCs from emerging economies adopt control and
coordination mechanisms because of the double hurdle they face of
‘liability of foreignness’ and ‘liability of country of origin’.
Proposition 2. MNCs from emerging economies adopt a predominantly
‘adaptive’ or ‘polycentric’ approach to manage their subsidiaries
in developed markets.
Proposition 3. MNCs from emerging economies adopt predominantly
an ‘exportive’ or ‘ethnocentric’ approach to managing their subsidiaries
in other emerging markets.