The U.K. government’s Swann Committee, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Task Force and the WHO have all found enough evidence of risk of cross-species transmission of resistance to recommend that antibiotics important for treating infections in humans should not be used for non-therapeutic purposes.9 Despite these recommendations, certain antibiotics classified by WHO in its top tier “criti-cally important” for human medicine are used for non-therapeutic purposes in animals in the U.S. The European Medicines Agency has taken steps to better control non-therapeutic use of critically important antibiotics in animals in the European Union.