The influence of time and temperature of deep-frying on furanic
compounds levels is exposed in Table 2. As can be observed, total
furanic compounds levels significantly (p < 0.001) raised as both
time and temperature increased, and this trend is also followed by
the individual compounds, except for 2-pentylfuran, which was
not influenced by the cooking temperature. Thus, the highest values
of furanic compounds were found when deep-frying at 200 C during
6 min (38.83 lg g1 sample) and the lowest at 160 C during 2
and 4 min and at 180 C during 2 min (10.65, 11.76 and 11.76 lg g1
sample, respectively). These minor quantities are near to those obtained
when oven-baking and reheating in the microwave (9.99
and 8.15 lg g1 sample, respectively) (Table 1), and lower in comparison
with products deep-fried following manufacturer recommendations
(180 C during 4 min) (19.52 lg g1 sample). Thus, it
is possible to minimize the generation furanic compounds when
deep-frying this kind of products by adjusting the cooking conditions.
Agila and Barringer (2012) also found an increase ofHMFin almonds
when increasing roasting time and temperature. Until now
2-furfural andHMFhave been evaluated as indicators of the severity
of heat treatment or length of storage in several foods (Gökmen and
Acar, 1999; Morales et al., 1997; Teixidó et al., 2006). In addition, results
of this study point out that, not only 2-furfural and HMF, also
furan and furfuryl alcohol could be used as heat cooking signs in breaded
products.