1TSPCs expressed as mg GAE per 100 g grain, dry basis; 2AOA expressed as mmol TE per g grain, dry basis; 3light brown pericarp color; 4red pericarp color; 5black pericarp color; results expressed as means ± standard deviations; and means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ significantly by Tukey's test at 5% of error probability.