Haptics is the study of human touch and interaction with the external environment via touch. Haptic sensations can be classified into two categories: cutaneous and kinesthetic. Cutaneous information is provided via the mechanoreceptive nerve endings in the glabrous skin of the human hand. It is primarily a means of relaying information regarding small-scale details in the form of skin stretch, compression and vibration. Kinesthetic sensing encompasses larger scale details, such as basic object shape and mechanical properties, for example, compliance. This is achieved via proprioceptive feedback from the muscular and skeletal system.
Haptic interfaces are human computer interaction (HCI) devices which primarily appeal to the human sense of touch as a means of interpreting information represented on a computer, in much the same fashion as a monitor displays visual information. Touch is unique as a human sense in that by exerting forces it can also be used to directly affect the external environment. Thus, unlike a monitor, a haptic interface is also an input device to the computer, allowing the user to feel and subsequently interact with simulated environments. It is this facet that makes it a powerful tool for use in HCI, virtual reality, laproscopic surgery interfaces and teleoperation systems.
As there are two channels of haptic information, there are also two classes of haptic interface. Force feedback devices primarily appeal to the kinesthetic sense, but are generally limited to the display of such information, having only crude provision for cutaneous cues. Conversely, tactile displays appeal to the cutaneous senses, typically via vibration, or by raising a pattern of pins, or ‘tactors’ against the fingerpad [1]. However, tactile displays alone cannot provide the kinesthetic information required for exploration of large-scale virtual environments.f
Haptic interaction can occur in two states of contact. Direct contact occurs when a user interacts with a task using the body or its extremities. Remote contact is the act of performing haptic exploration via an intermediary link or probe, such as when cutting a material using scissors, or a surgeon performing an operation using forceps or a scalpel. The forces and sensations encountered during remote contact are equivalent to those experienced by a user of a force feedback device, which simulates contact with a remote or virtual environment.
Temporally varying signals, such as a voltage waveform, are often referred to by frequency and/or amplitude descriptors, particularly when the signals are periodic in nature. Simulated objects on a haptic display are also signals; however, they vary spatially over the workspace of the device rather than temporally. Haptic phenomena can generally be classified into two distinct signal types: ‘object shape’ or ‘texture’. Considering these as spatial signals, it is possible to identify a quantitative difference between the two properties. Geometric primitives which constitute the overall shape of an object can be described as low frequency, high amplitude signals. Conversely, surface textures of objects can be expressed as high frequency, low amplitude signals. The point at which subjects’ perceptions change from ‘texture’ to ‘shape’ and vice-versa have yet to be determined, though the value for frequency is likely to depend on several factors, such as contactor area and velocity of exploration.
Haptics is the study of human touch and interaction with the external environment via touch. Haptic sensations can be classified into two categories: cutaneous and kinesthetic. Cutaneous information is provided via the mechanoreceptive nerve endings in the glabrous skin of the human hand. It is primarily a means of relaying information regarding small-scale details in the form of skin stretch, compression and vibration. Kinesthetic sensing encompasses larger scale details, such as basic object shape and mechanical properties, for example, compliance. This is achieved via proprioceptive feedback from the muscular and skeletal system.
Haptic interfaces are human computer interaction (HCI) devices which primarily appeal to the human sense of touch as a means of interpreting information represented on a computer, in much the same fashion as a monitor displays visual information. Touch is unique as a human sense in that by exerting forces it can also be used to directly affect the external environment. Thus, unlike a monitor, a haptic interface is also an input device to the computer, allowing the user to feel and subsequently interact with simulated environments. It is this facet that makes it a powerful tool for use in HCI, virtual reality, laproscopic surgery interfaces and teleoperation systems.
As there are two channels of haptic information, there are also two classes of haptic interface. Force feedback devices primarily appeal to the kinesthetic sense, but are generally limited to the display of such information, having only crude provision for cutaneous cues. Conversely, tactile displays appeal to the cutaneous senses, typically via vibration, or by raising a pattern of pins, or ‘tactors’ against the fingerpad [1]. However, tactile displays alone cannot provide the kinesthetic information required for exploration of large-scale virtual environments.f
Haptic interaction can occur in two states of contact. Direct contact occurs when a user interacts with a task using the body or its extremities. Remote contact is the act of performing haptic exploration via an intermediary link or probe, such as when cutting a material using scissors, or a surgeon performing an operation using forceps or a scalpel. The forces and sensations encountered during remote contact are equivalent to those experienced by a user of a force feedback device, which simulates contact with a remote or virtual environment.
Temporally varying signals, such as a voltage waveform, are often referred to by frequency and/or amplitude descriptors, particularly when the signals are periodic in nature. Simulated objects on a haptic display are also signals; however, they vary spatially over the workspace of the device rather than temporally. Haptic phenomena can generally be classified into two distinct signal types: ‘object shape’ or ‘texture’. Considering these as spatial signals, it is possible to identify a quantitative difference between the two properties. Geometric primitives which constitute the overall shape of an object can be described as low frequency, high amplitude signals. Conversely, surface textures of objects can be expressed as high frequency, low amplitude signals. The point at which subjects’ perceptions change from ‘texture’ to ‘shape’ and vice-versa have yet to be determined, though the value for frequency is likely to depend on several factors, such as contactor area and velocity of exploration.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
![](//thimg.ilovetranslation.com/pic/loading_3.gif?v=b9814dd30c1d7c59_8619)