Twenty-four participants (11 males and 13 females)
aged between 20 and 64 years (mean 46.1 years
SD+9.86) were recruited from the general population
in southeast Queensland. The primary inclusion criterion
was the inability to elevate the arm greater than 1001
in the plane of the scapula because of the presence of
pain over the anterior aspect of either shoulder. The
duration of the pain had to be greater than one month
to ensure that there was an established shoulder
condition and for less than one year so as to limit the
study population to those whose pain was not likely to
be a result of such conditions as recalcitrant frozen
shoulder.