the various abatement channels available to an individual firm or facility: namely,
switching to cleaner inputs or fuels, installing abatement capital (e.g., postcombustion
scrubbers), and reducing the overall scale of production.
• firms or facilities within a production sector—which may face very different costs of
abatement and existing emissions intensities.
• production sectors, such as manufacturing and power generation.
• households and firms, where household options might include reducing automobile use
or purchasing more energy-efficient appliances or vehicles.