Diesel or compression ignition (CI) engines operate with a much higher compression ratio than
spark ignition (SI) engines and, thus, have higher efficiencies. Modern CI engines start to inject the
fuel much earlier in the cycle, somewhere around 20 before top dead center (bTDC), instead of
injecting the fuel late in the compression stroke near TDC, as was done in early engines. The first
fuel then ignites late in the compression stroke, and some of the combustion occurs almost at
constant volume at TDC, much like the Otto cycle [1]. The air standard cycle used to analyze this
modern CI engine cycle is called a Dual cycle in which the heat input process of combustion can
best be approximated by a dual process of constant volume followed by constant pressure.
Therefore, the Dual cycle is a better approximation to the modern high speed CI engine than
either the Diesel cycle or the Otto cycle [2].
To make the analysis of the engine cycle much more manageable, air standard cycles are used to
describe the major processes occurring in internal combustion engines. Air is assumed to behave
as an ideal gas, and all processes are considered to be reversible [1,2]. In practice, air standard
analysis is useful for illustrating the thermodynamic aspects of an engine operation cycle. It can
also provide approximate estimates of trends as the major engine operating variables change. For
an ideal Dual cycle, all the processes are reversible, and heat losses do not occur. However,
internal combustion engines combust fuel with air in near stoichiometric proportions, and the
combustion process is obviously not adiabatic since the maximum temperature in the cycle is far
below the adiabatic combustion temperature. It is, therefore, clear that there are heat losses in the
cycle of a real engine. The heat losses strongly affect the engine performance and efficiency but
they are neglected in ideal air standard analysis. Much attention has been paid to analyzing the
performances of internal combustion engines for the Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles [3–11]. However,
no performance analysis with emphasis on the Dual cycle with heat loss considerations is
available in the literature.
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of heat losses on the net work output and the
indicated thermal efficiency of an air standard Dual cycle. The assumption that there are no heat
losses during combustion is relaxed in this paper. That is, heat transfer between the working fluid
and the environment through the cylinder wall is considered. The results obtained in this work can
help us to understand how the net work output and efficiency are influenced by heat transfer
during combustion, or the constant volume and constant pressure heat addition processes.
Diesel or compression ignition (CI) engines operate with a much higher compression ratio than
spark ignition (SI) engines and, thus, have higher efficiencies. Modern CI engines start to inject the
fuel much earlier in the cycle, somewhere around 20 before top dead center (bTDC), instead of
injecting the fuel late in the compression stroke near TDC, as was done in early engines. The first
fuel then ignites late in the compression stroke, and some of the combustion occurs almost at
constant volume at TDC, much like the Otto cycle [1]. The air standard cycle used to analyze this
modern CI engine cycle is called a Dual cycle in which the heat input process of combustion can
best be approximated by a dual process of constant volume followed by constant pressure.
Therefore, the Dual cycle is a better approximation to the modern high speed CI engine than
either the Diesel cycle or the Otto cycle [2].
To make the analysis of the engine cycle much more manageable, air standard cycles are used to
describe the major processes occurring in internal combustion engines. Air is assumed to behave
as an ideal gas, and all processes are considered to be reversible [1,2]. In practice, air standard
analysis is useful for illustrating the thermodynamic aspects of an engine operation cycle. It can
also provide approximate estimates of trends as the major engine operating variables change. For
an ideal Dual cycle, all the processes are reversible, and heat losses do not occur. However,
internal combustion engines combust fuel with air in near stoichiometric proportions, and the
combustion process is obviously not adiabatic since the maximum temperature in the cycle is far
below the adiabatic combustion temperature. It is, therefore, clear that there are heat losses in the
cycle of a real engine. The heat losses strongly affect the engine performance and efficiency but
they are neglected in ideal air standard analysis. Much attention has been paid to analyzing the
performances of internal combustion engines for the Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles [3–11]. However,
no performance analysis with emphasis on the Dual cycle with heat loss considerations is
available in the literature.
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of heat losses on the net work output and the
indicated thermal efficiency of an air standard Dual cycle. The assumption that there are no heat
losses during combustion is relaxed in this paper. That is, heat transfer between the working fluid
and the environment through the cylinder wall is considered. The results obtained in this work can
help us to understand how the net work output and efficiency are influenced by heat transfer
during combustion, or the constant volume and constant pressure heat addition processes.
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