• The challenges are at various levels and they should be addressed by the involvement of a combination of stakeholders, in accordance with the type of challenge.
• The efforts to engage local governments in sustainable urban development can be done through the formulation of a national urban policy that can provide an overall vision of national development(especially in countries that follow the urban-led approach) and to develop a clear urban system. This chapter is of the view that the National Urban Policy should ideally leave room for authority of local governments in mobilizing its resources, while the role of the national government is to facilitate and not micromanage.
• Good governance is the key supporting factor in ensuring sustainable urban development, with internal modalities urban leaders, civil society, and associations for peer-to-peer learning being the focus of engagement, while external factors should only add value to the internal factors.