Another key to the Problem Solving Approach is the ways of using the blackboard (whiteboard) to allow children to learn mathematics for themselves. Japanese elementary school teachers use the board based on the ideas of the children and the children's presentations, and do not erase the board to allow the children to reflect during the summing-up phases toward the end of the class. Figure 8 shows a sample format of the blackboard [Isoda et al., 2009], and Figure 7 presents a case of the area of a trapezoid. The blackboard is not intended to be used to write what the teacher wants to teach but to show how the class is going to learn from the children's ideas. Figure 7. The case of the area of a trapezoid: the left photo shows the independent solving phase; the middle and right photos shows the phase of explanation. The children are explaining how to calculate the area of a trapezoid using what they have learned before. At the previous grade, they have already learned the area formula of
a rectangle and that the area is not changed by addition and subtraction. In the middle photo, there are four presentation sheets, show the back sides, which are not yet presented. For comparison, the teacher chose the presenters based on her consideration of the order of the presentations •during the independent solving phase.
Another key to the Problem Solving Approach is the ways of using the blackboard (whiteboard) to allow children to learn mathematics for themselves. Japanese elementary school teachers use the board based on the ideas of the children and the children's presentations, and do not erase the board to allow the children to reflect during the summing-up phases toward the end of the class. Figure 8 shows a sample format of the blackboard [Isoda et al., 2009], and Figure 7 presents a case of the area of a trapezoid. The blackboard is not intended to be used to write what the teacher wants to teach but to show how the class is going to learn from the children's ideas. Figure 7. The case of the area of a trapezoid: the left photo shows the independent solving phase; the middle and right photos shows the phase of explanation. The children are explaining how to calculate the area of a trapezoid using what they have learned before. At the previous grade, they have already learned the area formula ofa rectangle and that the area is not changed by addition and subtraction. In the middle photo, there are four presentation sheets, show the back sides, which are not yet presented. For comparison, the teacher chose the presenters based on her consideration of the order of the presentations •during the independent solving phase.
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