In conclusion, PIL ethanolic extract possesses significant anti-inflammatory effect in
carrageenan-induced paw oedema test at higher dose. On the other hand, it presents a
peripheral antinociceptive effect in acetic acid-induced writhing test in dose dependent
manner. As it was demonstrated in the present study that PIL ethanol extract possess
both anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive responses, therefore, further studies should be
done to elucidate the exact mechanism action underlying the effects of PIL. In this
experiment, the exact nature of the active compound has yet to be determined. It is highly
recommended that further studies should be carried out, especially, in identifying the composition of the active compound itself, in order to help build a profile of its bioactive
constituents.