Fresh pork ham muscles and pork fat trimmings were
purchased from a retail meat market, trimmed free of
fat and ground through a 0.32 cm (lean) and 0.48 cm
(fat) plate of the grinder (Crypto Peerless Ltd., EF-20,
England), respectively. Raw meat materials were
vacuum packaged and frozen at 20 C prior to use.
Proximate composition of trimmed pork hams and fats
was determined to formulate regular-fat (15%)
frankfurters used in this study. The treatment combinations,
non-meat ingredients and the compositions of
raw meat materials are listed in Tables 1–3.