1. Introduction
The performance of PV module is strongly dependent on its
operating temperature. Most of the energy absorbed by the module
is converted to heat which is normally lost [1]. In common, PV
module converts only 4–17% of the incoming solar radiation into
electricity. Thus, more than 50% of the incident solar energy is converted
to heat and accordingly the temperature of PV module is
increased. The increase in module temperature in turn decreases
the electrical yield and efficiency of the module with a permanent
structural damage of the module due to a prolonged period of
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 3 4599839/+20 11 47160726;
fax: +20 3 4599839.
E-mail addresses: ahmed.elnozahy@ejust.edu.eg, ahmedalnozahy@yahoo.com
(A. Elnozahy), ali.kamel@ejust.edu.eg (A.K.A. Rahman), drahmedhamza@yahoo.com
(A.H.H. Ali), Mazen2000as@yahoo.com (M. Abdel-Salam),
sokawara@chemeng.titech.ac.jp (S. Ookawara). 1 Tel.: +20 3 4599839/+20 10 06467967; fax: +20 3 4599839. 2 Tel.: +20 3 4599839/+20 12 23971265; fax: +20 3 4599839. 3 Tel.: +2(0) 11 18604342.
thermal stress (also known as thermal degradation of the module)
1. IntroductionThe performance of PV module is strongly dependent on itsoperating temperature. Most of the energy absorbed by the moduleis converted to heat which is normally lost [1]. In common, PVmodule converts only 4–17% of the incoming solar radiation intoelectricity. Thus, more than 50% of the incident solar energy is convertedto heat and accordingly the temperature of PV module isincreased. The increase in module temperature in turn decreasesthe electrical yield and efficiency of the module with a permanentstructural damage of the module due to a prolonged period of∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 3 4599839/+20 11 47160726;fax: +20 3 4599839.E-mail addresses: ahmed.elnozahy@ejust.edu.eg, ahmedalnozahy@yahoo.com(A. Elnozahy), ali.kamel@ejust.edu.eg (A.K.A. Rahman), drahmedhamza@yahoo.com(A.H.H. Ali), Mazen2000as@yahoo.com (M. Abdel-Salam),sokawara@chemeng.titech.ac.jp (S. Ookawara). 1 Tel.: +20 3 4599839/+20 10 06467967; fax: +20 3 4599839. 2 Tel.: +20 3 4599839/+20 12 23971265; fax: +20 3 4599839. 3 Tel.: +2(0) 11 18604342.thermal stress (also known as thermal degradation of the module)
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