supported the European Commission in evaluating of internalisation policies in the light of Article 11.4 of the revised Directive 1999/62/EC (EG, 2011e).
The Directive enables Member States to charge the full infrastructure costs, and since the 2011 revision, to include some external costs (air pollution and noise).
In addition, charges can be differentiated to some extent in order to reduce road congestion or to provide incentives to use cleaner vehicles. Pricing policies to internalise the external costs of transport were reviewed, including data on revenues and administrative costs.
As well as collecting data on pricing instruments in all transport modes up to 2011, comparisons were made between Member States and transport modes.
While comparison of existing taxes/charges with external cost levels was not part of this study the link with external costs was considered, and where possible, high-level comparisons were made