And yet what I suggested had come to an end was not the
occurrence of events, even large and grave events, but History:
that is, history understood as a single, coherent, evolutionary process,
when taking into account the experience of all peoples in all
times. This understanding of History was most closely associated
with the great German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel. It was made
part of our daily intellectual atmosphere by Karl Marx, who borrowed
this concept of History from Hegel, and is implicit in our
use of words like "primitive" or "advanced," "traditional" or
"modern," when referring to different types of human 'societies.
For both of these thinkers, there was a coherent development of
human societies from simple tribal ones based on slavery and
subsistence agriculture, through various theocracies, monarchies,
and feudal aristocracies, up through modern liberal democracy
and technologically driven capitalism. This evolutionary process
was neither random nor unintelligible, even if it did not proceed
in a straight line, and even if it was possible to question whether
man was happier or better off as a result of historical "progress.
And yet what I suggested had come to an end was not the
occurrence of events, even large and grave events, but History:
that is, history understood as a single, coherent, evolutionary process,
when taking into account the experience of all peoples in all
times. This understanding of History was most closely associated
with the great German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel. It was made
part of our daily intellectual atmosphere by Karl Marx, who borrowed
this concept of History from Hegel, and is implicit in our
use of words like "primitive" or "advanced," "traditional" or
"modern," when referring to different types of human 'societies.
For both of these thinkers, there was a coherent development of
human societies from simple tribal ones based on slavery and
subsistence agriculture, through various theocracies, monarchies,
and feudal aristocracies, up through modern liberal democracy
and technologically driven capitalism. This evolutionary process
was neither random nor unintelligible, even if it did not proceed
in a straight line, and even if it was possible to question whether
man was happier or better off as a result of historical "progress.
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