4. Conclusions
The equilibrium constant for the bimolecular dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether and water was experimentally determined. Its value was found to be high enough to state that the reaction is shifted to the ether formation at equilibrium. Furthermore, the formation of 1-butene was extremely slow and, consequently, the rest of secondary products were also found in very low concentrations. As a consequence, a good conversion level of 1-butanol to the linear ether could be expected in industrial etherification processes.
The equilibrium constant for the dehydration reaction of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether and water was found to be independent of the operating temperature within the limits of the experimental error. That explains the very low value of the enthalpy change of reaction found (practically zero), which is in the trend showed by the reaction enthalpy change of other lineal symmetrical di-alkyl ethers found in the literature. From equilibriumdataavalueof fH0(l)=−370.5±10.9kJmol−1 for DNBE was obtained at 298.15K which agrees with that one found in literature data bank within the limits of the experimental error.
Some differences between the values of r S0 (l) for the dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether computed from equilibrium data and estimated from standard molar entropies were observed. Based on this fact, the value S0 (l) = 408.3 ± 6.8 J mol−1 K−1 for DNBE is proposed. This value is slightly lower than that predicted by the modified Benson method (421.04 J mol−1 K−1 ).
Isomerizations between olefins proved to be exothermic with an r H0 (l) of −9.7 ± 2.0 J mol−1 K−1 for the isomerization of 1-butene to cis-2-butene, −13.0 ± 2.4 J mol−1 K−1 for the isomerization of 1-butene to trans-2-butene and −3.2 ± 0.2 J mol−1 K−1 for the isomerization of cis-2-butene to trans-2-butene. These values are in agreement with those estimated from the standard formation enthalpies. Some disagreements regarding the value of the standard molar entropy of trans-2-butene can be found in the literature. From equilibrium data, the value S0 (l) = 215.8 ± 2.9 J mol−1 K−1 for trans-2-butene is proposed.
Side reactions of olefins hydration and branched ether synthesis were proved to be also exothermic.
4. ConclusionsThe equilibrium constant for the bimolecular dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether and water was experimentally determined. Its value was found to be high enough to state that the reaction is shifted to the ether formation at equilibrium. Furthermore, the formation of 1-butene was extremely slow and, consequently, the rest of secondary products were also found in very low concentrations. As a consequence, a good conversion level of 1-butanol to the linear ether could be expected in industrial etherification processes.The equilibrium constant for the dehydration reaction of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether and water was found to be independent of the operating temperature within the limits of the experimental error. That explains the very low value of the enthalpy change of reaction found (practically zero), which is in the trend showed by the reaction enthalpy change of other lineal symmetrical di-alkyl ethers found in the literature. From equilibriumdataavalueof fH0(l)=−370.5±10.9kJmol−1 for DNBE was obtained at 298.15K which agrees with that one found in literature data bank within the limits of the experimental error.Some differences between the values of r S0 (l) for the dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether computed from equilibrium data and estimated from standard molar entropies were observed. Based on this fact, the value S0 (l) = 408.3 ± 6.8 J mol−1 K−1 for DNBE is proposed. This value is slightly lower than that predicted by the modified Benson method (421.04 J mol−1 K−1 ).Isomerizations between olefins proved to be exothermic with an r H0 (l) of −9.7 ± 2.0 J mol−1 K−1 for the isomerization of 1-butene to cis-2-butene, −13.0 ± 2.4 J mol−1 K−1 for the isomerization of 1-butene to trans-2-butene and −3.2 ± 0.2 J mol−1 K−1 for the isomerization of cis-2-butene to trans-2-butene. These values are in agreement with those estimated from the standard formation enthalpies. Some disagreements regarding the value of the standard molar entropy of trans-2-butene can be found in the literature. From equilibrium data, the value S0 (l) = 215.8 ± 2.9 J mol−1 K−1 for trans-2-butene is proposed.Side reactions of olefins hydration and branched ether synthesis were proved to be also exothermic.
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