Pregnant women with “insulin dependent DM” give birth to offspring with risk two to three times superior
than the normal rate of having malformation, whereas this risk is not observed in pregnant women with gestational
diabetes. Multiple malformations are more frequent in diabetics’ offspring than in nondiabetics [22]. The
macrosomia newborns have increased rate of hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypocalcemia, respiratory distress
syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy