According to Surry and Farquhar (1997), top-down, macro level approaches to IT adoption are rooted in deterministic philosophy, which sees technology as an autonomous driving force for social change that is outside human control. An extreme example of a technology program that employs only a macro level approach while ignoring micro level aspects is a school district that decides to purchase and implement IT—e.g., a classroom grading system, virtual science experiments, a diagnostic reading program— without first assessing classroom needs or involving teachers in the selection process. Macro-level approaches are likely to fail because teachers may not see the innovation’s benefits and resist its adoption.