The present study used the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM)
Directory (i.e. ISO certified companies) as the population frame. FMM was established
in 1968 and it is the largest economic organization in Malaysia representing over 2,000
manufacturing and industrial service companies of varying sizes (FMM, 2007; FMM,
2008). Given the strict rules that govern full membership of FMM, 47 percent of the
2,135 FMM members (i.e. organizations) have been granted ISO certification
(FMM, 2008).