Extraction procedures
Distillation
Essential oil was extracted from fresh Frangipani flowers by three distillation methods: water, steam and water-steam (Ernest et al 1947: Oyen and Dung 1999). Three hundred grams of the flowers were used in each method and they were distilled for 4 hrs. After that, light yellow oil was collected on the water surface, and dehydrated with anhydrous Na2SO4 . The oil was collected in an opaque bottle.
Solvent extraction
Fresh flowers, weight of 70 g, were soaked in 1 L of hexane or petroleum ether for 1 hr, then, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure at low temperature, and finally left the concrete yield. Afterward, the concretes were extracted by absolute ethanol, to yield the absolutes.(Ernest et al 1947)
Enfleurage
The cold enfleurage procedure was as follow; 200 ml of palm stearin was coated on a glass frame. After it was cooled and hardened, plant materials were placed and the scent components allowed to diffuse into the fatty layer for over a day. For hot enfleurage, fresh flowers were soaked in 400 ml of hot palm oil, heated at 60 - 70 0C for 30 min and placed to cool down, after that took in refrigerator for overnight. Both of processes were repeated with fresh plant materials. About 2 kg of fresh Frangipani flowers were used for cold enfleurage extraction and 100 g for hot enfleurage extraction. The flower and scent in the pomade from each method were extracted with cold absolute alcohol: The absolutes was obtained after the alcohol was evaporated. (Ernest et al 1947)
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Chemical analysis
Identification of the chemical compounds in the extracts were performed by using GC-MS (QP 5050A Shimadzu) with a capillary columns DB-5 (5%-Phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane 0.25 μm, 60 m, 0.25 mm (i.d.), Type of detector was FID, Temperature programs were 800C for oventemperature, 2000C for injector and 2300C for detector. Injector volume was 1 μl, Carrier gas was Helium 99.999%,Total time was 40 min Solvent cutimes 5 min and Mass range 40 to 400 m/z.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Distillation
Essential oil yields from water, steam and water-steam distillation were 0.0167, 0.0045 and 0.0342% respectively (Fig 1). Essential oils were light yellow with concentrated floral scent. The yield of water-steam distillation was much higher than other methods.