Forty percent have disclosed inventions to
their universities in the most recent five years,
and one-third of these (13%) had inventions
that can be categorized as research tools. Thirtyfour
percent have obtained or applied for patents
over the previous five years, and 9% had
patented research tools; in comparison, 56% of
US academic scientists in Hansen et al.18 had
submitted a patent application in the previous
five years. On average, 0.6 patents per researcher
have been applied for or granted, greater than
the 0.45 reported for land-grant agricultural
scientists in general16. Patentees have the same
average 27% share of industry funding as nonpatentees.