Study Group
The study included 112 third graders from 13 elementary
schools in low socioeconomic (low SES)
neighborhoods. Children from low SES backgrounds
were selected to be included in the study
because they are more likely to be identified with
Measures
Teacher Interview Form and the Measure of Reading
Fluency developed by the researcher were
used in the study. Teacher Interview Form was used
to obtain information on teachers and their students.
To assess students’ reading fluency and accuracy,
a text in the third grade reading level was used.
Students’ reading fluency was assessed determining
number of words read correctly in one minute (Pikulski
& Chard, 2005). Students’ percent accuracy
was also assessed determining the frequency and
types of reading errors made while reading. Percent
accuracy was also used to determine the students’
reading level.