The values of hiya and amor propio help to explain this. Hiya is a sense of shame. The anthropologist Frank Lynch describes it as “the uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially unacceptable action.” It is this hiya that makes the Filipino think twice about wrongdoing; but it also constrains him or her in many ways. For instance, there is a hesitancy about asking a supervisor to clarify instructions, whatever the consequences. The Filipino will giggle or grin in an embarrassed way, with downcast eyes, when communicating with someone in a higher position, especially when he or she is unsure or afraid of the other’s reaction. This happens frequently between boss and subordinate, and many a frustrated foreigner has found that Filipinos will never ask for extra information, query an unclear instruction, or simply admit that they have made a mistake.