Previously, several studies have been conducted to investigate
the effect of spices and herbs on the formation of HCAs. Oz and Kaya
(2011) has observed that black pepper has inhibited completely the
formation of PhIP and 4,8-DiMeIOx in meatball. In addition, the
inhibitory effect of black pepper on the formation of HCAs in
meatballs fried at 225 C was 100 g/100 g. Similarly, Balogh, Gray,
Gomaa, and Booren (2000) studied the effect of vitamin E on HCA
formation in fried beef patties and found that addition of vitamin E
(1 and 10 g/100 g based on fat content) to surface of ground beef
patties reduced PhIP concentrations in cooked patties by 69 and
72 ng/100 g, respectively. In another study, Salmon, Knize, and
Felton (1997) reported that marination of chicken breast meat
reduced PhIP concentrations by 92e99 ng/100 g. However, the
mechanism of reduction in HCA formation following marinating
meat samples is not clearly understood. It has been documented
that the inhibition of HCAs by incorporation of antioxidants is
probably because of inactivation of free radicals. Antioxidants could
act as inhibitors along different pathways of the reaction to prevent
the mutagens formation, through radical quenchers and free radical
scavenger's activity (Vitaglione & Fogliano, 2004). In addition,
Johansson and J€
agerstad (1996) examined the effects of prooxidant
and antioxidant on HCAs inhibition and suggested that prooxidant
or antioxidant effect was dependent on concentration.