Organizational Impression Congruence: A Conceptual Framework for Sport Service Organizations Simon Brandon-Lai, Florida State University Cole Armstrong, Florida State University Jeffrey James (Advisor), Florida State University
Organizational theory/culture Thursday, June 4, 2015 20-minute oral presentation (including questions) Abstract 2015-003 8:30 AM (Chaudière)
Both organizations and individuals have ideas about how they would like to be viewed by external audiences. To this end they engage in impression management, defined by Bolino, Kacmar, Turnley, and Gilstrap (2008, p. 1080) as, “efforts by an actor to create, maintain, protect, or otherwise alter an image held by a target audience.” In the current study, the authors offer a conceptual model of Organizational Impression Congruence (OIC), proposing that, when the outcomes of organizational and employee impression management align, the organization is able to project desired images to consumers. For example, if the organization and its employees project congruent and desirable images, consumers will form a coherent overall opinion of the organization. Theoretically, congruent impression management outcomes would result in favorable responses from consumers (e.g., consumer trust, loyalty, perceived brand equity, etc.), while incongruent impression would be negatively evaluated.
Theoretical Foundations & Proposition Development The origins of impression management lie in Goffman’s (1959) dramaturgic model, in which he conceptualized social life as a theatrical production. Goffman characterized persons engaged in social interactions as “actors” who are attempting to control the images of themselves that they project to their audience, in pursuit of certain desired ends. Scholars have studied how (and to what ends) individuals (e.g., Leary & Kowalski, 1990) and organizations (e.g., Elsbach, 2003) manage the images they project to external audiences; however, there has been little investigation of how these actions affect each other. In addition, the vast majority of scholars have examined impression management within organizations (i.e., between employees and their colleagues or supervisors) (see Bolino et al., 2008). In the sport industry, the impression management activities of individual employees and service organizations also target individuals (e.g., consumers) outside of the organization. As such, sport management provides a novel context for the study of impression management at multiple levels of analysis.
There is a considerable amount of literature in which scholars have examined the relationship between employee and organizational identity (e.g., Alvesson & Willmott, 2002), but this must be seen as distinct from impression management. Impressions and images are not identities. As noted in writings pertaining to social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979, pp. 366-367), identities consist of “those aspects of an individual’s self-image that derive from the social categories to which he (sic) perceives himself (sic) as belonging.” Individuals choose to associate themselves with certain groups (in group), and disassociate themselves from others (out group), toward the formation of a positive self-concept. When an individual or an organization engages in impression management, they are controlling how this self is portrayed to external audiences (Jones & Pittman, 1982; Tedeschi & Reiss, 1981). Accordingly, impression management refers less to the performance of identity than it does to the selection of which aspects of identity the actor wishes to reveal, obscure, or manipulate. This distinction is important for managers, as affecting the images that employees project (e.g., through internal marketing or staff training) is a considerably more realistic proposition than affecting the identities held by employees. This is particularly pertinent in sport service organizations, where there is often high employee turnover in consumer-facing roles (Schlesinger & Heskett, 1991).
The images projected by the organization and its employees are received and interpreted by external audiences (e.g., consumers), resulting in the formation of reputations (Whetten & Mackey, 2002). Individual impression management activities contribute to collective reputations (i.e., what consumers think of the employees as a collective), while the impression management outcomes of an organization’s top management team (i.e., those responsible for the strategic direction of the organization) contribute to overall organizational reputation. The formation of these reputations will overlap and affect one another to some extent; however, concepts within the sport management
2015 North American Society for Sport Management Conference (NASSM 2015)
Ottawa, ON June 2 – 6, 2015 Page 328
literature provide a basis for better understanding how consumers make associations with different, mutually constitutive components of sporting objects. For example, from the litera
ลงตัวประทับใจองค์กร: กรอบแนวคิดสำหรับกีฬาบริการองค์กร Simon แบรนดอน-ลาย มหาวิทยาลัยรัฐฟลอริดา Cole อาร์มสตรอง James เจฟฟรีย์มหาวิทยาลัยรัฐฟลอริดา (ที่ปรึกษา) มหาวิทยาลัยฟลอริดา วัฒนธรรมองค์กรทฤษฎีพฤหัสบดี 4 มิถุนายน 2558 20 นาทีอนาคต (รวมถึงคำถาม) 003 นามธรรม 2015 8:30 AM (Chaudière) องค์กรและบุคคลมีความคิดเกี่ยวกับวิธีที่พวกเขาต้องการดูได้ โดยผู้ชมภายนอก นี้ พวกเขามีส่วนร่วมในการจัดการแสดงผล กำหนด โดย Bolino, Kacmar, Turnley และ Gilstrap (2008, p. 1080) เป็น "ความพยายาม โดยนักแสดงสร้าง รักษา ปกป้อง หรือมิฉะนั้น เปลี่ยนแปลงรูปภาพโดยกลุ่มเป้าหมาย" ในการศึกษาปัจจุบัน ผู้เสนอแบบจำลองแนวคิดขององค์กรรู้สึกลงตัว (คปภ.), เสนอ เมื่อผลลัพธ์ขององค์กรและพนักงานรู้สึกจัดการจัด องค์กรสามารถฉายภาพที่ต้องการผู้บริโภค เช่น ถ้าองค์กรและพนักงานของโครงการสอดคล้อง และเป็นที่ต้องการภาพ ผู้บริโภคจะมีรูปแบบความเห็นสอดคล้องโดยรวมขององค์กร ในทางทฤษฎี ความประทับใจเท่าที่จัดการผลจะส่งผลให้การตอบสนองที่ดีจากผู้บริโภค (เช่น ความน่าเชื่อถือของผู้บริโภค สมาชิก รับรู้ตราสิน ฯลฯ), ในขณะที่ประทับใจสานุศิษย์จะถูกประเมินผล Theoretical Foundations & Proposition Development The origins of impression management lie in Goffman’s (1959) dramaturgic model, in which he conceptualized social life as a theatrical production. Goffman characterized persons engaged in social interactions as “actors” who are attempting to control the images of themselves that they project to their audience, in pursuit of certain desired ends. Scholars have studied how (and to what ends) individuals (e.g., Leary & Kowalski, 1990) and organizations (e.g., Elsbach, 2003) manage the images they project to external audiences; however, there has been little investigation of how these actions affect each other. In addition, the vast majority of scholars have examined impression management within organizations (i.e., between employees and their colleagues or supervisors) (see Bolino et al., 2008). In the sport industry, the impression management activities of individual employees and service organizations also target individuals (e.g., consumers) outside of the organization. As such, sport management provides a novel context for the study of impression management at multiple levels of analysis. There is a considerable amount of literature in which scholars have examined the relationship between employee and organizational identity (e.g., Alvesson & Willmott, 2002), but this must be seen as distinct from impression management. Impressions and images are not identities. As noted in writings pertaining to social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979, pp. 366-367), identities consist of “those aspects of an individual’s self-image that derive from the social categories to which he (sic) perceives himself (sic) as belonging.” Individuals choose to associate themselves with certain groups (in group), and disassociate themselves from others (out group), toward the formation of a positive self-concept. When an individual or an organization engages in impression management, they are controlling how this self is portrayed to external audiences (Jones & Pittman, 1982; Tedeschi & Reiss, 1981). Accordingly, impression management refers less to the performance of identity than it does to the selection of which aspects of identity the actor wishes to reveal, obscure, or manipulate. This distinction is important for managers, as affecting the images that employees project (e.g., through internal marketing or staff training) is a considerably more realistic proposition than affecting the identities held by employees. This is particularly pertinent in sport service organizations, where there is often high employee turnover in consumer-facing roles (Schlesinger & Heskett, 1991). The images projected by the organization and its employees are received and interpreted by external audiences (e.g., consumers), resulting in the formation of reputations (Whetten & Mackey, 2002). Individual impression management activities contribute to collective reputations (i.e., what consumers think of the employees as a collective), while the impression management outcomes of an organization’s top management team (i.e., those responsible for the strategic direction of the organization) contribute to overall organizational reputation. The formation of these reputations will overlap and affect one another to some extent; however, concepts within the sport management 2015 North American Society for Sport Management Conference (NASSM 2015) Ottawa, ON June 2 – 6, 2015 Page 328 literature provide a basis for better understanding how consumers make associations with different, mutually constitutive components of sporting objects. For example, from the litera
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