Selection often based solely on written applications;
• little evidence of job specification or predetermined selection criteria;
• most employees temporary full-time workers;
• little evidence of policies to promote numerical flexibility;
• little evidence of policies to promote functional flexibility;
• very little training;
• most supervisory recruitment internal;
• little evidence of employee appraisal or strategic staff development;
• little evidence of incentive pay;
• strong (but defensive and conservative) trade union representation;
• strong employment protection;
• poor communication between management and operatives; and
• enormous insecurity and confusion about probable future industry and wider socio-
political trends.