For the first case, works include, Lee, So and Tang [51] which developed an analytical model fore one retailer and
one manufacturer, to quantify the benefit of information sharing and found that the benefit is very high especially
for demands that are significantly correlated over time and when demand variance is high and also for the case of long
lead times; Cachon and Fisher [52] compared the reduction in supply chain costs between a supply chain that does not
share information with one that shares full information, for a model with one supplier and N identical retailers with
stationary stochastic demand. The result from the numerical study showed a 2.2% lower on the average and a
maximum of 12.1%; Gavirneni, Kapuscinski and Tayur [53] studied the role of information under three settings:
(1) supplier has no information except past data, (2) supplier knows the demand distribution and that the retailer
uses (s,S) policy and (3) supplier has full information, for a two-stage capacitated supply chain. They showed the
optimality of order-up-to policies for finite and infinite horizon, and through computational analysis, quantified the
savings obtained;