Proper establishment of the placenta is important for fetal survival: however, placental adapt tions to inadequate maternal nutrition or other stress- ors are imperative for fetal growth to be optimal. The effects of maternal nutritional status and activity level on placental vascular function and utcroplacental blood flows are important to understand as improper placen- tal function leads to reduced growth of the fetus. In environments where fetal growth can be compromised, potential therapeutics may augment placental function and delivery of nutrients to improve offspring perfor- mance during postnatal life. Factors that could enhance placental function include supplementation of specific nutrients, such as protein, hormone supplements. such as indolamines, and increased activity levels of the dam. To understand the mechanism of how the maternal environment can impact uterine or umbilical blood flows, assessment of placental vascular reactivity has been studied in several large animal models. As we begin to understand how the maternal environment impacts uterine and umbilical blood flows and other uteroplacental hemodynamic parameters, development of management methods and therapeutics for proper fetal growth can be achieved