1. Explain why management did not emerge as a recognized discipline until the twentieth century. Just as traffic lights were not needed before cars, management, as it now exists,
was not needed before organizations became complex. Before the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most organizations were relatively simple. Industrialization and • mass production brought large and complex organizations.
2. Describe the threefacets of the US. Industrial Revolution. The three major facets of the
U.S. Industrial Revolution are (1) power, (2) transportation, and (3) communication.
3. Discuss the role the captains of industry played in the development of modern organi zations. The captains of industry, who included John D. Rockefeller, James B. Duke, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt, built great companies. They introduced nationwide distribution and marketing methods. Because of the size and dominance of these companies, the relationship between business and government changed forever. Government passed legislation to check corporate practices in restraint of trade .
4. Define scientific management, and outline the role Frederick W Taylor and his contem poraries played in its development . Scientific management is a philosophy about the use of human effort. It seeks to maximize output with minimum effort through the elimination of waste and inefficiency at the operative level. Frederick W Taylor was the major figure responsible for popularizing scientific management through his writ ings and consulting. Several contemporaries of Taylor helped spread Taylor's philoso phy through their own efforts. The most prominent included Carl Barth, Morris Cooke, Henry Gantt, and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
5. Summarize Henri Fayol's contributions to modern management . Henri Fayol made many contributions, but the most significant was his development of management principles and elements. The 14 principles Fayol developed are still applicable today, and his five management elements are very similar to today's functions of management.