Questionnaire
To collect data, a questionnaire was designed following
Fontes’ approach [15]. Fontes analysed the return of 55
biotechnology researchers to Portugal. Similar to Spain,
Portugal has highly-skilled scientific personnel, but lacks
both a very strong national R&D system and consistent
data about scientific mobility flow. On the basis of the
above, four variables were studied. These items were
evaluated using a 7-point Likert scale, where higher
values signify a greater degree of collaboration and lower
values signify a lower degree.