- Express to the target state, either publicly or privately, unhappiness with its policy choice.
- Suggest that a better relationship would follow if the target state's actions changed in a specific way.
- Threaten that negative consequences will follow if the target state continues to move in a specific direction.
- Turn to an international body to seek multilateral legitimization for its position, thus enlisting the support of other states on its behalf.
- Give the target state what it wants (diplomatic recognition, foreign aid) in return for desired actions.
- Remove what the target state wants (reduce foreign aid, withdraw diplomats, sever diplomatic ties) when it takes undesirable actions.