Symptom management is usually triggered by
symptom distress. This begins when experiencing
Symptom Distress, Cluster, and Management in Thais with COPD
246 Pacific Rim Int J Nurs Res • July - September 2014
symptoms that are troublesome to their persons’ lives,
thereafter, identifying the appropriate intervention
strategies which target to relieve the distress and
increase quality of life.Management strategies in
this study included both pharmacological and nonpharmacological
methods used by persons with COPD.
Several studies reported the effectiveness of each
strategy for each symptom management, for example;
relieving dyspnea/ breathlessness, strategies such as
pulmonary rehabilitation,yoga therapy, use of
handheld fan.Interventions for reducing fatigue were
pulmonary rehabilitation20 or breathing exercises.
Meanwhile, the interventions for preventing
psychological symptoms, such as nurse-led minimal
psychological intervention or the use of sense of
humor and laughter were applied. It seems that each
strategy could be used for many symptoms such as;
pulmonary rehabilitation which can be used for
management of dyspnea/ breathlessness8 and fatigue.
However, there is no report on various strategies to
manage a group of concurrent symptoms at the same
time, since there are limited studies related to symptom
clusters in persons with COPD. To fill the gaps, this
study aims to explore symptom distress, symptom
clusters, and effective management strategies used for
each cluster in persons with COPD. The findings will
benefit individuals and families to effectively manage
various symptoms at home to reduce the cost of care
and increase persons’ quality of life.
Symptom management is usually triggered bysymptom distress. This begins when experiencingSymptom Distress, Cluster, and Management in Thais with COPD246 Pacific Rim Int J Nurs Res • July - September 2014symptoms that are troublesome to their persons’ lives,thereafter, identifying the appropriate interventionstrategies which target to relieve the distress andincrease quality of life.Management strategies inthis study included both pharmacological and nonpharmacologicalmethods used by persons with COPD.Several studies reported the effectiveness of eachstrategy for each symptom management, for example;relieving dyspnea/ breathlessness, strategies such aspulmonary rehabilitation,yoga therapy, use ofhandheld fan.Interventions for reducing fatigue werepulmonary rehabilitation20 or breathing exercises.Meanwhile, the interventions for preventingpsychological symptoms, such as nurse-led minimalpsychological intervention or the use of sense ofhumor and laughter were applied. It seems that eachstrategy could be used for many symptoms such as;pulmonary rehabilitation which can be used formanagement of dyspnea/ breathlessness8 and fatigue.However, there is no report on various strategies tomanage a group of concurrent symptoms at the sametime, since there are limited studies related to symptomclusters in persons with COPD. To fill the gaps, thisstudy aims to explore symptom distress, symptomclusters, and effective management strategies used foreach cluster in persons with COPD. The findings willbenefit individuals and families to effectively managevarious symptoms at home to reduce the cost of careand increase persons’ quality of life.
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