Discussion
The current study set out to gain insight into home nurses' attitudes and confidence in professional competences concerning depression and to evaluate the effects of a minimal intervention on their capability to detect and refer patients with depressive symptoms to their GPs. The descriptive data show that home nurses do not feel strongly positive or negative towards depression, but that they have nuanced attitudes towards the treatment of depression. They are somewhat positive on the course of treatment (although less pronounced for elderly patients) and they do not fully reject, nor accept the role they can play in helping patients with depression. Finally, as far as the patients themselves are concerned, home nurses do have several frustrations, but these appear to be particularly related to the adherence to medicinal treatment, as home nurses do not really consider depressive patients an additional burden for themselves. Finally, compared with pharmacists, home nurses have similar attitudes, although they are somewhat less accepting of the role they can play in helping depressed patients, but are nevertheless more positive towards depressed patients.
As for the confidence in professional competences, home nurses appear strongly convinced to have sufficient capacities to be understanding of patients who suffer from depression and to be able to motivate them for seeking help. However, recognition of depressive symptoms appears to be a more challenging task. Although this question was phrased ambitiously ‘After seeing a person once, I would be confident that I could recognize a person with depression’, the average score might allow room for improvement.
The minimal intervention had little effect on the intervention group as a whole, both on attitudes and confidence in professional competences aside from the fact that home nurses were afterwards less positive towards the role they can play in helping patients with depression. These results are somewhat similar to those reported by Crone et al. (2012), who attributed the lack of change in attitudes after their own intervention to the fact that baseline attitudes were already sufficiently positive prior to participation. Contrary to the previous study by Payne et al. (2002) is the finding of a decreasing attitude of home nurses related to their own role in dealing with depression. This change cannot be attributed to a difference in the baseline level of role-related attitudes as home nurses in their study had similar opinions related to their role prior to training. A hypothesis that requires further investigation is that the changes in the current study are related to issues at an organizational or policy level. Home nurses who are willing to play a role in dealing with depression might not have sufficient time or room to adequately fulfil this role, which leads to a more dismissive position.
The study does provide some preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of a minimal intervention: (1) significantly more home nurses in the intervention group detected patients who were depressed; (2) those who actually detected patients and referred them to a GP had shown a significant increase in perceived competence to do so immediately after the intervention. Altogether, this appears to demonstrate the benefit of home nurses for detecting and referring patients and might be a promising tool to assist home nurses to become more attentive to psychological problems like depression in their patient population.
Limitations
There are several limitations to the current study. A first is the small study sample with a significant amount of dropout on the self-report questionnaires. This was partially addressed by using linear mixed model analyses, which allow using as much of the data as possible. Furthermore, as the minimal intervention consisted of a group training where the interaction between participants was important, a second limitation is that whole regions were assigned to either intervention or control condition. Although there was no random assignment of individual participants to both conditions, we tried to eliminate confounding factors as much as possible by including group differences as fixed factors in our analyses. As a third limitation, it is also important to note that only confidence in professional competences were measured, which implies that we were unable to determine the effect of the minimal intervention on actual competences of the home nurses. The fact that home nurses in the intervention group did manage to detect and refer significantly more patients compared with the control group is an indication that the actual competences did change in the weeks following the intervention. A fourth and final limitation of the current study resides in the fact that the difference in number of detections between both groups might not be attributable to the fact that home nurses who received the training were better at detecting patients with symptoms of depression, but that they were merely confronted with more depressive patients. Despite the fact that all three regions were in close vicinity to one another and home nurses in both groups saw a similar number of patients on a daily basis, caution should therefore be exerted when interpreting the finding that more detections occurred in the intervention group.
สนทนาการศึกษาปัจจุบันที่ตั้งออก เพื่อเข้าใจในทัศนคติและความเชื่อมั่นในมืออาชีพ competences เกี่ยวกับภาวะซึมเศร้าบ้านพยาบาล และประเมินผลของการแทรกแซงน้อยที่สุดในพวกเขาสามารถตรวจพบ และหมายถึงผู้ป่วยที่ มีอาการ depressive GPs ของพวกเขา ข้อมูลอธิบายแสดงว่า พยาบาลบ้านไม่รู้สึกอย่างยิ่งบวก หรือลบต่อภาวะซึมเศร้า แต่ว่า พวกเขามีฉับทัศนคติการรักษาโรคซึมเศร้า พวกเขาจะค่อนข้างเป็นบวกในหลักสูตรการรักษา (แต่น้อยออกเสียงสำหรับผู้ป่วยสูงอายุ) และจะไม่ครบทั้งหมดปฏิเสธ ไม่ยอมรับบทบาทที่พวกเขาสามารถเล่นในการช่วยให้ผู้ป่วยมีภาวะซึมเศร้า สุดท้าย เท่าที่ผู้ป่วยเองมีความกังวล บ้านพยาบาลได้อธิบายหลาย แต่เหล่านี้จะเกี่ยวข้องโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งกับติดยารักษา เป็นพยาบาลบ้านจริง ๆ พิจารณาผู้ป่วย depressive มีภาระเพิ่มเติมเอง ในที่สุด เปรียบเทียบกับเภสัชกร พยาบาลบ้านได้ทัศนคติคล้ายกัน แม้ว่าพวกเขาจะค่อนข้างน้อยยอมรับบทบาทพวกเขาสามารถเล่นในการช่วยให้ผู้ป่วยซึมเศร้า แต่อย่างไรก็ตามจะเป็นบวกมากขึ้นต่อผู้ป่วยซึมเศร้าสำหรับความเชื่อมั่นในมืออาชีพ competences พยาบาลบ้านปรากฏ convinced ขอให้มีกำลังเพียงพอที่จะทำความเข้าใจกับผู้ป่วยที่ทุกข์ทรมานจากภาวะซึมเศร้า และสามารถจูงใจพวกเขาในการช่วยเหลือ อย่างไรก็ตาม การรับรู้อาการ depressive ปรากฏเป็น งานท้าทายมาก แม้ว่าคำถามนี้เป็น phrased ambitiously 'หลังจากที่เห็นคนครั้ง ฉันจะมั่นใจว่า ฉันสามารถรู้จักบุคคลที่ มีภาวะซึมเศร้า' คะแนนเฉลี่ยอาจทำให้ห้องปรับปรุงได้The minimal intervention had little effect on the intervention group as a whole, both on attitudes and confidence in professional competences aside from the fact that home nurses were afterwards less positive towards the role they can play in helping patients with depression. These results are somewhat similar to those reported by Crone et al. (2012), who attributed the lack of change in attitudes after their own intervention to the fact that baseline attitudes were already sufficiently positive prior to participation. Contrary to the previous study by Payne et al. (2002) is the finding of a decreasing attitude of home nurses related to their own role in dealing with depression. This change cannot be attributed to a difference in the baseline level of role-related attitudes as home nurses in their study had similar opinions related to their role prior to training. A hypothesis that requires further investigation is that the changes in the current study are related to issues at an organizational or policy level. Home nurses who are willing to play a role in dealing with depression might not have sufficient time or room to adequately fulfil this role, which leads to a more dismissive position.The study does provide some preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of a minimal intervention: (1) significantly more home nurses in the intervention group detected patients who were depressed; (2) those who actually detected patients and referred them to a GP had shown a significant increase in perceived competence to do so immediately after the intervention. Altogether, this appears to demonstrate the benefit of home nurses for detecting and referring patients and might be a promising tool to assist home nurses to become more attentive to psychological problems like depression in their patient population.LimitationsThere are several limitations to the current study. A first is the small study sample with a significant amount of dropout on the self-report questionnaires. This was partially addressed by using linear mixed model analyses, which allow using as much of the data as possible. Furthermore, as the minimal intervention consisted of a group training where the interaction between participants was important, a second limitation is that whole regions were assigned to either intervention or control condition. Although there was no random assignment of individual participants to both conditions, we tried to eliminate confounding factors as much as possible by including group differences as fixed factors in our analyses. As a third limitation, it is also important to note that only confidence in professional competences were measured, which implies that we were unable to determine the effect of the minimal intervention on actual competences of the home nurses. The fact that home nurses in the intervention group did manage to detect and refer significantly more patients compared with the control group is an indication that the actual competences did change in the weeks following the intervention. A fourth and final limitation of the current study resides in the fact that the difference in number of detections between both groups might not be attributable to the fact that home nurses who received the training were better at detecting patients with symptoms of depression, but that they were merely confronted with more depressive patients. Despite the fact that all three regions were in close vicinity to one another and home nurses in both groups saw a similar number of patients on a daily basis, caution should therefore be exerted when interpreting the finding that more detections occurred in the intervention group.
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