I’ve recently been trying out a well-known language learning app and found myself translating such gems as The ducks eat a strawberry. Personally, I’ve never seen a duck eat a strawberry and it’s not something I can imagine ever needing to communicate!
That’s a bit of an extreme example, but I think it illustrates the point that for most language learners, authenticity is important. We want to learn the sort of language we’re likely to come across or need to use in the real world. Awkward examples and made-up texts are both demotivating and potentially counterproductive as they provide unrealistic models. This is probably true for all learners, but especially so for students who already need to deal with authentic texts (or will soon need to) for work or for study. Otherwise, they can find themselves unprepared to deal with the texts they come across and feel cheated by the mismatch between classroom materials and the real thing.
This presents a challenge for materials writers; do we use absolutely authentic texts which students might struggle with or do we simplify them in some way but risk losing the element of authenticity?
For and against authentic texts
There are strong arguments in favour of using authentic texts, especially in contexts where students need to learn to cope with reading complex texts in English such as in Business English, ESP (English for Specific Purposes) or EAP (English for Academic Purposes).
As Alexander et al (2008) point out: ‘Teachers may be concerned that the content and vocabulary of [authentic] texts will present too many difficulties and should be left to a later stage, but the reality is that, for EAP students, there is no later stage.’ If students are already encountering authentic texts outside the language classroom, it makes no sense to present them with simplified versions in class. Even for students with less specialist or immediate needs, plenty of authentic language input will help them develop a better understanding of how English is actually used and give them the confidence to read more widely outside of class.
However, using authentic texts in teaching materials can have drawbacks too. Giving students a long, complex text to read can leave them feeling overwhelmed: by the volume of unknown vocabulary, by the complexity of the grammar, by cultural or other references. They soon lose the thread and get bogged down in details, so they lose confidence and motivation. The teacher can end up working through the text with students line by line, decoding or translating as they go, explaining each point. It’s a slow and ultimately unhelpful process that may eventually lead to some understanding of the text at hand, but provides students with little confidence that they’ll be able to tackle the next text they come across, and what’s more, sidelines any other aims there might have been for the lesson.
So how, as materials writers, can we help overcome some of the barriers that authentic texts present in class?
Size matters
Short texts can be much less daunting and are ideal for working on micro-skills. A very short text or a short section of a longer text can often do the job of illustrating a language point or bringing up a point for discussion just as well as a longer one. Sometimes, a single paragraph might be enough. Summaries work particularly well as mini-texts in their own right; examples might be the abstract of an academic article or the executive summary of a report. If you want to use an extract from a longer text, then you could consider abridging it. Is there a complicated example or reference that could be cut without losing the flow of the text, for example?
Lower the cognitive load
One of the challenges for a student trying to read a complex text in a second language is that they’re having to deal with the ideas in the text at the same time as the language. One way to get around this is to use simpler or more familiar ideas while keeping the language level high. That doesn’t mean dumbing down necessarily, but could involve choosing a text on a subject that students are likely to be familiar with, perhaps because it’s already been discussed in a previous lesson. In an EAP context, you could drop down an academic level, so if you’re writing for postgraduate students, choose introductory undergraduate texts and if you’re aiming at undergraduates, use end of high school texts (such as textbooks written for students doing the International Baccalaureate). In that way, you maintain the style and authenticity of the language, but lessen the cognitive load on the reader.
There are also plenty of techniques which can help students grasp the key ideas in a text more easily so as to free up mental space to deal with the language. Pictures, diagrams or infographics can all be added to aid comprehension. If a text contains a lot of detailed statistics, for example, a graph or an infographic can help to establish what’s going on. Then readers will already k