Twenty-one (8 females) patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N = 3) and 17 (6 females) healthy controls were recruited for this study. Participants were recruited from a larger National Institute of Mental Health study “Early Visual Processing in Schizophrenia” (PI: M.F.G.). Schizophrenia patients were recruited from outpatient treatment clinics at the Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and from local board and care facilities. Schizophrenia patients met diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) Axis I Disorders.24 Exclusion criteria for patients included: (1) substance abuse or dependence in the last 6 months, (2) current major depressive episode, (3) mental retardation based on review of medical records, (4) history of loss of consciousness for more than 1 h, (5) an identifiable neurological disorder, or (6) insufficient fluency in English.