Reproduction technologies for amphibians are increasingly
used for the in vitro treatment of ovulation, spermiation,
oocytes, eggs, sperm, and larvae. Recent advances in these
reproduction technologies have been driven by (1) difficulties
with achieving reliable reproduction of threatened species
in captive breeding programs, (2) the need for the
efficient reproduction of laboratory model species, and (3)
the cost of maintaining increasing numbers of amphibian
gene lines for both research and conservation. Many amphibians
are particularly well suited to the use of reproduction
technologies due to external fertilization and
development. However, due to limitations in our knowledge
of reproductive mechanisms, it is still necessary to reproduce
many species in captivity by the simulation of natural
reproductive cues. Recent advances in reproduction technologies
for amphibians include improved hormonal induction
of oocytes and sperm, storage of sperm and oocytes,
artificial fertilization, and high-density rearing of larvae to
metamorphosis. The storage of sperm in particular can both
increase the security and reduce the cost of maintaining
genetic diversity. It is possible to cryopreserve sperm for
millennia, or store it unfrozen for weeks in refrigerators.
The storage of sperm can enable multiple parentages of
individual females’ clutches of eggs and reduce the need to
transport animals. Cryopreserved sperm can maintain the
gene pool indefinitely, reduce the optimum number of
males in captive breeding programs, and usher in new generations
of Xenopus spp. germ lines for research. Improved
in vitro fertilization using genetic diversity from stored
sperm means that investigators need the oocytes from only
a few females to produce genetically diverse progeny. In
both research and captive breeding programs, it is necessary
to provide suitable conditions for the rearing of large numbers
of a diverse range of species. Compared with traditional
systems, the raising of larvae at high densities has the
potential to produce these large numbers of larvae in smaller
spaces and to reduce costs.
Reproduction technologies for amphibians are increasinglyused for the in vitro treatment of ovulation, spermiation,oocytes, eggs, sperm, and larvae. Recent advances in thesereproduction technologies have been driven by (1) difficultieswith achieving reliable reproduction of threatened speciesin captive breeding programs, (2) the need for theefficient reproduction of laboratory model species, and (3)the cost of maintaining increasing numbers of amphibiangene lines for both research and conservation. Many amphibiansare particularly well suited to the use of reproductiontechnologies due to external fertilization anddevelopment. However, due to limitations in our knowledgeof reproductive mechanisms, it is still necessary to reproducemany species in captivity by the simulation of naturalreproductive cues. Recent advances in reproduction technologiesfor amphibians include improved hormonal inductionof oocytes and sperm, storage of sperm and oocytes,artificial fertilization, and high-density rearing of larvae tometamorphosis. The storage of sperm in particular can bothincrease the security and reduce the cost of maintaininggenetic diversity. It is possible to cryopreserve sperm formillennia, or store it unfrozen for weeks in refrigerators.The storage of sperm can enable multiple parentages ofindividual females’ clutches of eggs and reduce the need totransport animals. Cryopreserved sperm can maintain thegene pool indefinitely, reduce the optimum number ofmales in captive breeding programs, and usher in new generationsof Xenopus spp. germ lines for research. Improvedin vitro fertilization using genetic diversity from storedsperm means that investigators need the oocytes from onlya few females to produce genetically diverse progeny. Inboth research and captive breeding programs, it is necessaryto provide suitable conditions for the rearing of large numbersof a diverse range of species. Compared with traditionalsystems, the raising of larvae at high densities has thepotential to produce these large numbers of larvae in smallerspaces and to reduce costs.
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