• For the 3 by 3 pile group tested, with all piles spaced at three pile diameters, the results clearly
showed the effect of shadowing, in which the soil resistance of a pile in a trailing row was greatly
reduced because of the presence of the pile ahead of it. The p-multipliers were found to be 0.6,
0.38, and 0.43 for the front, middle, and back rows respectively