Fig. 1 Panel 1.3 clearly shows that taking into account the landarea devoted to each crop (i.e., the impact at the extensive margin of production) modifies the ranking among crops established only on the basis of per-hectare pesticide use intensity factors. For example,while soft wheat was the seventh highest-ranked crop on the basis of per-hectare pesticide use intensity factors, it becomes by far the top-ranked crop when land area is taken into account, with a total impact of more than 30 million unit doses. Vineyards come second,with a total impact of more than 11 million unit doses. Conversely,while apples ranked first by far among the 19 crops on the basis of per-hectare average pesticide use intensity factors, they rank tenthaccording to impacts of total pesticide use, due to their relatively low land area.