We find ourselves thinking about them as living systems, existing in a wider environment In this simple line of inquiry we find many of the key ideas in organization theory throughout the second half of the twentieth century. The problems of mechanistic organization resulted in shifting attention away from mechanical science and toward biology as a source of ideas for thinking about organization. In the process, organization theory has became a cells, complex organize , species, and ecology are paralleled in those between individuals, groups, organization, populations(species) of organization, and their social ecology. This has generated many new ideas for understanding how organization function and the factors that influence their wee-being.