Neck and Manz (1996) tested the effectiveness of self-leadership training by
measuring the effectiveness of Thought Self-Leadership (TSL) on the cognitive self control variables of performance, affective states, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction. The
study indicated that the TSL training improved employee performance, that it increased
the employee affective state, and that the employees indicated "significantly higher selfefficacy
perceptions in comparison to those not receiving the training" (p. 460). The
research demonstrated that self-leadership training could affect individual performance
proactively (p. 460).