Port terminal operators and land carriers. These relationships were captured in a bi-level model in which carriers are the leaders and shipper are the followers.
A description of the solution algorithms and the solution approach to the bi-level model are presented. The results indicate that the model outcomes satisfy the equilibrium conditions.
This research is the first to attempt to reflect decisions of the different types of carriers and their interactions in the shipper network. The research contributes to the body of the multimodal freight network problem literature by providing a new shipper-carrier network modelling approach.