At the present time, integrated systems are, for the most part, still managed within the library or parent body, by library or other institutional staff. An alternative approach -your vendor as 'application service provider'- was discussed in a previous chapter. We have evolved from the time when all we had to worry about was placing a clerical assistant with some technical ability in charge of the CD-changer. However, we are also well beyond the point where an integrated system can be run part-time by the director or a reference librarian. It is now common for certain integrated system vendors to stipulate that the library must designate a full-time system manager and validate the availability of technically certified staff with responsibility for system operations.