Although these measures interact (i.e., PWV is determined, in part, by BA and forearm vascular mechanics); changes can occur independently in each segment as evaluated by the model. Thus, we treat these parameters as independent measures of adaptations of vascular structure/function occurring throughout the entire upper limb, in the conduit artery/BA alone and in the forearm vascular bed (including microvasculature), respectively (Nielson et al. 2014). In this regard, because the vascular properties assessed using each model overlap to some extent, but also operate independently we are able to form inferences on the nature and specific location of exercise‐induced upper limb vascular adaptations.