Adding a time and fuel dimension, some of these ratios can be translated into
vehicle loading, empty running, fuel efficiency, vehicle time utilization and
deviations from schedule (McKinnon & Ge, 2004). A similar presentation for
city distribution with an extended focus on time-related performance indicators
such as speed per delivery round is presented in Allen et al. (2003). All these
measures have different dimensions of output such as tonnes, vehicle kilometres
and tonne-kilometres (e.g. De Jong, Schroten, van Essen, Otten, & Bucci, 2010).