Flow velocity within a gravel layer is difficult to measure accurately,
due to flow resistance and the uncertainty of the saturated
cross-section in any given gravel structure. The application advantage
of an electrolyte tracer to measure velocity within a gravel
layer is that it travels synchronously with the water flow and
therefore reliably reflects the states and processes of that flow. In
this study, the electrolyte tracer method with Virtual B.C. was
employed to estimate flow velocity within a gravel layer for different
hydraulic conditions as specified by slope gradients and flow
rates. The Virtual B.C. method, namely the sine and normal distribution
models, were defined as dependent upon the function formats
of given virtual boundary conditions. Results show that
both the sine and normal distribution models simulate the electrolyte
transport process very well, with high coefficients of determination
(R2). The velocity values estimated by the two models are
identical, indicating that both model simulation and parameter
estimation procedures are reasonable. The correlation of flow
velocity with impact factors was analyzed; flow velocity was found
to be significantly correlative with slope degree but non-sensitive
to measurement distances and the specific flow rates in the study.
Compared to results obtained using the Pulse B.C. and dye tracer
methods, the Virtual B.C. method used fits more closely to the
observed curves and predicts flow velocity with a greater precision.
The velocity values determined by the Virtual B.C. method are
about 10% higher than those obtained using the Pulse B.C. method,
but about 20% lower than those by the dye tracer method. In summary,
the electrolyte tracer method under virtual boundary condition
can be reliably applied to measure flow velocity within a
gravel layer.
Flow velocity within a gravel layer is difficult to measure accurately,due to flow resistance and the uncertainty of the saturatedcross-section in any given gravel structure. The application advantageof an electrolyte tracer to measure velocity within a gravellayer is that it travels synchronously with the water flow andtherefore reliably reflects the states and processes of that flow. Inthis study, the electrolyte tracer method with Virtual B.C. wasemployed to estimate flow velocity within a gravel layer for differenthydraulic conditions as specified by slope gradients and flowrates. The Virtual B.C. method, namely the sine and normal distributionmodels, were defined as dependent upon the function formatsof given virtual boundary conditions. Results show thatboth the sine and normal distribution models simulate the electrolytetransport process very well, with high coefficients of determination(R2). The velocity values estimated by the two models areidentical, indicating that both model simulation and parameterestimation procedures are reasonable. The correlation of flowvelocity with impact factors was analyzed; flow velocity was foundto be significantly correlative with slope degree but non-sensitiveto measurement distances and the specific flow rates in the study.Compared to results obtained using the Pulse B.C. and dye tracermethods, the Virtual B.C. method used fits more closely to theobserved curves and predicts flow velocity with a greater precision.The velocity values determined by the Virtual B.C. method areabout 10% higher than those obtained using the Pulse B.C. method,but about 20% lower than those by the dye tracer method. In summary,the electrolyte tracer method under virtual boundary conditioncan be reliably applied to measure flow velocity within agravel layer.
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