Second, the booming urban economy's impact on rural resources has created movements of defence. In the early 1980s, they opposed dams which displaced villagers and destroyed forests to provide the city with hydro-electricity(see Prudhisan and Maneerat's Chapter 12 in this volume). From the mid-1980s, another wave of conflicts arose over access to land in the forest fringe. Peasant colonists fought against plantation companies for control of land the government defined as forest' long after the trees had disappeared. From the early 1990s, another range of disputes has arisen over pollution and waste disposal. As industrialisation accelerates, factory sites have spread out from the Bangkok region, gener ating and dangerous wastes, or polluting the local environment.